Scientific and Theoretical Prerequisites for Improvement of Modern Pedagogical Technologies

It is established that pedagogy performs the same functions as any other scientific discipline: description, explanation, and prediction of phenomena of that area of reality it studies. However, in the social and humanitarian sphere, it has its own characteristics. Pedagogical science cannot confine itself to objective reflection of what it is studying. Pedagogical science is required to influence the pedagogical reality and to transform and improve the pedagogical process. Therefore, it combines two functions: scientific-theoretical and constructive-technical. Scientific-theoretical function is a reflection of the pedagogical reality as it is. The constructive-technical one is a regulative function that reflects the pedagogical reality as it should be. The pedagogical process is closely connected with the application of teaching technologies. The application of teaching technologies presupposes organizational arrangement of all dependencies of the learning process, alignment of its stages, identification of conditions for their implementation, and correlation of methods, forms, measures, and means of training during conducting classes with capabilities of the teacher and students

Success criteria of the pedagogical pattern of physical training on self-guide basis with individual assignments among futsal referees

The article contains results from authors’ provision of rationale for a pedagogical pattern’s structure of a self-guided physical training of futsal referees by means of individual assignments. The pattern defines both main points of a self-guided physical training by means of individual assignments amid preparations of futsal referees and training results – development of physical skills required to preside over a game of futsal. We invite to consider the main performance indicators of a self-guided physical training of futsal referees by means of individual assignments to be referees’ speed endurance and quickness of recovery upon load

Pedagogical conditions necessary for effective speed-strength training of young football players (15-17 years old)

This study substantiates pedagogical conditions necessary for effective speed-strength training of young football players, such as careful selection of children and their retention throughout the whole period of football education; differentiation and individualization of speed-strength training of young football players; selection of the most effective means of developing speed and strength in young football players; balance of means of developing speed and strength of young football players. Less important conditions include efficient use of time allotted for speed-strength training; maintenance of high team morale; efficient use of fitness equipment, kettlebells, barbells, and other means of speed-strength training of young football players

Pedagogical practice for development of coordination potential of MMA fighters and estimation of its efficiency

The performed investigations have shown that development of coordination potential of MMA (Mixed Martial Arts) fighters represents a complex process. Training of fighters to use new different actions should be realized with gradual increase of their coordination complexity. It was established that while mastering new actions the sportsmen not only enrich their motional skill, but also develop a power to realize new forms of physical coordination. Such a treatment of development of coordination potential of MMA fighters was adopted as a basis for development of pedagogical practice comprised of three stages. At the first stage, estimation of developmental level of coordination potential of MMA fighters is carried out. At the second stage, mastering of new actions is fulfilled based on gradual increase of their coordination complexity as well as based on development of power to realize new forms of physical coordination. At the third stage, improvement of different types of coordination potential is carried out based on exercising of differentiated tools and methods of fighters training

Peculiarities of respiratory functions in qualified swimmers exposed to multidirectional physical loads

The peculiarities of the swimmers’ respiratory system response to a special physical load were studied. The swimmers of high sports qualification aged 16–18 years old, who specialize in swimming at distances of various lengths, underwent the examination. At the first stage, we used exercises aimed at enhancing the anaerobic work power in swimming. At the second stage, the parameters of the swimmers’ respiratory system response to the load in aerobic and anaerobic zone were studied. At the third stage of the study, the changes of the swimmers’ respiratory functions under physical loads at the level of MOC (maximum oxygen consumption) were researched. The investigation of respiratory system functions of stayer swimmers was conducted with the use of a Spirolab-3 spirometer (spirograph). We found that the recovery of qualified swimmers can be activated when aerobic and anaerobic mechanisms of energy metabolism are combined. The results of the study confirm that the swimmers’ respiratory functions influence the processes of recovery of their working capacity after being exposed to multidirectional physical loads. The sprinters’ anaerobic mechanisms of muscle function are better developed. The stayers’ aerobic mechanisms of energy metabolism function better. In order to activate the recovery of qualified swimmers, it is advisable to combine aerobic and anaerobic mechanisms of energy metabolism

Reaction of vegetative nervous system to loads in female long-distance runners with different fitness level

In the course of research it was established that the female runner A with the high degree of vegetative nervous system parasympathetic division activity and the low degree of activity of the central regulation mechanisms with the increased activity of subcortical nervous centres had considerable advantage over the female runner B with high activity of the vegetative nervous system sympathetic division. The high activity of the central control structures taking into account the increased vegetative nervous system parasympathetic division activity in the female runner A indicates the high reserve capacity of the organism and the economical energy consumption during the running loads. It was revealed that the dynamics of heart rate regulation after the functional tests with physical loads is manifested in the change of the vegetative nervous system parasympathetic division tonicity. It affects the time-period of respiratory waves manifestation. The female runner A with the high fitness degree demonstrated the decreasing time-period compared to the female runner B with the low level of fitness

Comparative analysis of myocardium repolarization abnormalities in female biathlon athletes with different fitness levels

The problem of studying the heart rate regulation is the most important in the assessment of functional readiness of female athletes to competitive activity. It was found that the main indicator of the fitness degree of the female biathlon athletes is clear consistency between the nervous and hormonal components of the heart rate regulation. Harmonization of both components of the heart rate regulation indicates high adaptive possibilities of the female athletes’ organism to the loads. The heart rate regulation was studied with the help of the three-channelled electrocardiograph “Axion”. “Varikard 2.51” was used to study the cardiointervalograms. It was established that myocardial repolarization abnormality in female athletes leads to misalignment between the two components of heart rate regulation and, as a consequence, to overtraining. It was revealed that the expressed misalignment between two components of heart rate regulation testifies to poor tolerance of physical loading by sportswomen. It was established that with the help of assessment of myocardium repolarization abnormalities in female athletes it is possible to estimate their functional reserves and effectively manage the training process, as well as to predict excessive physical loads at the early stages

Effectiveness of normobaric hypoxia course use in combination with cervical muscle exercise as a means to improve statokinetic stability in alpine skiers

Russian and international research on optimization of functional state and physical performance of athletes is one of the focus areas in current sports studies. The aim of this research was to study the effectiveness of normobaric hypoxia course use in combination with cervical muscle exercise as a means to improve statokinetic stability in alpine skiers. The research involved 35 alpine skiing athletes aged 18–20 (21 subjects – experimental group, 14 subjects – control group) from the representative team of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University. Continuous cumulation of Coriolis acceleration (CCCA) method was used as a stimulus for the vestibular analyser. To improve statokinetic stability of the experimental group subjects, a two-week normobaric hypoxia training course in combination with cervical muscle exercises was used. The control group subjects were given “fake” normobaric hypoxia courses and performed no dedicated cervical muscle exercise. The results of the study showed that the experimental group subjects who received normobaric hypoxia in combination with cervical muscle exercise demonstrated a reliably improved CCCA tolerance time (versus initial measurements). Besides, there was a decrease in the manifestation degree of vestibulosensory, vestibulovegetative, and vestibulosomatic reactions, which generally indicates improvement of CCCA tolerance in this group of subjects. Positive dynamics of test parameters in the experimental group subjects has also been confirmed by the data of the static stabilometric test in the integrated functional computer stabilography. For instance, the open eyes test showed a reliably significant reduction in the rate of increase of the statokinesiogram length and area, oscillation amplitude of the projection of the common centre of gravity in the frontal and sagittal planes, and coefficient of asymmetry in the frontal and sagittal directions. The obtained results can justify recommendation of normobaric hypoxia course use in combination with cervical muscle exercise as a means to improve statokinetic stability in alpine skiers

Factor structure of technical preparedness of judokas of various somatic types

The study focuses on the factor structure of technical preparedness of judokas of various somatic types, as they perform throws. The study showed that judokas of microsomal type usually use techniques that require greater levels of motion coordination abilities (47.2%), and rarely resort to power throws (19.3%). Mesosomal type wrestlers mostly use speed and power throws (41.3%), and rarely ‒ throws that require high levels of movement coordination ability (25.1%). Macrosomal type wrestlers most often use power throws (54.3%), the least contribution into the dispersion for this type of wrestlers belongs to movement coordination type of throws (17.6%). A total of eighteen judokas aged 16-18 of different somatic types were studied. The distribution into somatic types was carried out to determine the groups of somatic types of judokas taking part in the experiment. The subjects were distributed into three groups according to their somatic types. A total of five judokas were of MiS (microsomal) type; seven represented the MeS (mesosomal) type; and six - the MaS (macrosomal) type. All three groups of judokas were required to perform throws to assess their technique. The factor analysis of technical preparedness of judokas showed that the effectiveness of their throws might be influenced by their somatic type. The study established that microsomal judokas relied the most on movement coordination and speed; mesosomal ‒ on their perseverance, speed, and power, and macrosomal ‒ on their power alone as the leading physical quality

Model for training marathon swimmers in fins accounting for energy supply mechanism of muscle activity

Open-water marathon swimming with fins demands high levels of physical fitness from the athletes. The highest emphasis is placed on improving the general and speed endurance. This can only be achieved through targeted impact on the physiological structures of marathon swimmers, accounting for the individual characteristics of the mechanism behind the energy supply for muscle activity. Analysis of the literature has revealed that most works on training of marathon swimmers in fins do not provide sufficient data accounting for the individual specifics of the mechanism supplying energy for the athlete's muscle activity during training for competitions. This greatly limits the possibilities for differentiating the techniques and methods for improving general and speed endurance. Furthermore, methods for improving general and speed endurance in open-water marathon swimmers with fins, with different types of energy metabolism serving as the differentiation criterion, have not received sufficient attention. The existing system for training marathon swimmers in fins; for competitions does not offer satisfactory options accounting for the energy supply mechanism of muscle activity during practice. The system's main drawback is in the general approach to training of marathon swimmers in fins, which does not allow effectively increasing the general endurance and speeding endurance. Our findings indicate that the techniques and methods for training marathon swimmers in fins accounting for the individual characteristics of the mechanism for energy supply of muscular activity play a prominent role in improving the efficiency of training athletes for competitions. This actually helps athletes to achieve better results in training and in competitions. We have established that properly organized training sessions accounting for the individual characteristics of the energy supply mechanism of muscular activity have a higher efficiency. Studies have shown that the goals of developing general and speed endurance should be achieved in training marathon swimmers in fins in open water. General endurance is necessary for athletes to maintain high speed during the race, and speed endurance is necessary for building up speed at the finish. We have confirmed that special tasks during such training should be solved allowing for the individual characteristics of the mechanism for energy supply of muscular activity in marathon swimmers. The article reports on the results obtained for a training model developed for open-water marathon swimmers in fins, accounting for the individual peculiarities of the mechanism for energy supply to the athletes' muscular activity